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Gender-based medicine, also called "gender medicine", is the field of medicine that studies the biological and physiological differences between the human sexes and how that affects differences in disease. Traditionally, medical research has mostly been conducted using the male body as the basis for clinical studies.
The authors differentiate between sex differences, caused by biological factors, and gender differences, which "reflect a complex interplay of psychological, environmental, cultural, and biological factors". [14] Gender identity is thus seen as a "psychological concept that refers to an individual's self-perception". [14]
Gender equality can refer to equal opportunities or formal equality based on gender or refer to equal representation or equality of outcomes for gender, also called substantive equality. [3] Gender equality is the goal, while gender neutrality and gender equity are practices and ways of thinking that help achieve the goal.
By the end of this period, uses of "gender" outnumbered uses of "sex" in the social sciences, arts, and humanities. [1] It was in the 1970s that feminist scholars adopted the term gender as way of distinguishing "socially constructed" aspects of male–female differences (gender) from "biologically determined" aspects (sex). [1]
The differences between males and females in the context of childhood play is linked to differences in gender roles. A research on the "acquisition of fundamental movement skills" found that even though the level of mastery for certain skills were about the same for both boys and girls, after a certain age boys have better object control skills ...
Gender-diverse leaders also find that gender differences matter less in gender-diverse environments [110] or where their identities are more prototypical of the group; for example, with activist organizations [41] and with inclusive churches. [111] Scholars have found some traits more important for women’s leadership emergence then they are ...
Men may suffer from undiagnosed depression more frequently, due to gender differences in the expression of emotion. [29] American men are more likely to consume alcohol, smoke, engage in risky behaviors, and defer medical care. [30] Incidence of melanoma has strong gender-related differences which vary by age. [31] Women outlive men in 176 ...
For PTSD, genders differences in coping mechanisms has been proposed as a potential explanation for observed gender differences in PTSD prevalence rates. [43] Though PTSD is a common diagnosis associated with abuse and trauma for men and women, the "most common mental health problem for women who are trauma survivors is depression". [ 79 ]