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The following table shows the vegetable oil yields of common energy crops associated with biodiesel production. Included is growing zone data, relevant to farmers and agricultural scientists. This is unrelated to ethanol production, which relies on starch, sugar and cellulose content instead of oil yields.
Oil (kg/ha) Oil (L/ha) Oil (lb/acre) Oil (US gal/acre) Oil per seeds [nc 1] (kg/100 kg) Melting Range (°C) Iodine number Cetane number; Oil / Fat Methyl Ester Ethyl Ester Groundnut (Kernel)42 Copra 62 Tallow 35–42 16 12 40–60 75 Lard 32–36 14 10 60–70 65 Corn (maize) 145 172 129 18 -5 -10 -12 115–124 53 Cashew nut 148 176 132 19 Oats ...
In 1995 the USDA released a report stating that the net energy balance of corn ethanol in the United States was an average of 1.24. It was previously considered to have a negative net energy balance. However, due to increases in corn crop yield and more efficient farming practices corn ethanol had gained energy efficiency. [3]
In the United States, 40% of the acreage designated for corn grain is used for corn ethanol production, of which 25% was converted to ethanol after accounting for co-products, leaving only 60% of the crop yield for human or animal consumption. [30] Growing corn to fuel internal combustion vehicles is a highly inefficient use of land.
The US is the world's largest producer of corn. [8] According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the average U.S. yield for corn was 177 bushels per acre, up 3.3 percent over 2020 and a record high, with 16 states posting state records in output, and Iowa reporting a record of 205 bushels of corn per acre.
The Winchester bushel is the volume of a cylinder 18.5 in (470 mm) in diameter and 8 in (200 mm) high, which gives an irrational number, of approximately 2150.4202 cubic inches. [4] The modern American or US bushel is rounded to exactly 2150.42 cubic inches, a difference of less than one part per ten million.
However, the co-product from this process will produce corn oil, corn gluten meal, corn germ meal, corn gluten and feed steep water. The average of one bushel of corn generally will have about 32 lb of starch or 33 lb sweeteners or 2.5 gallons of fuel ethanol and 11.4 lb gluten feed and 3 lb gluten meal and 1.6 lb corn oil. [9] [10]
Daily oil consumption by region from 1980 to 2006. This is a list of countries by oil consumption. [1] [2] In 2022, the International Energy Agency (IEA) announced that the total worldwide oil consumption would rise by 2% [3] year over year compared to 2021 despite the COVID-19 pandemic. [citation needed]