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Free-space loss increases with the square of distance between the antennas because the radio waves spread out by the inverse square law and decreases with the square of the wavelength of the radio waves. The FSPL is rarely used standalone, but rather as a part of the Friis transmission formula, which includes the gain of antennas. [3]
This reflective array television antenna consists of eight "bowtie" dipole driven elements mounted in front of a wire screen reflector. The X-shaped dipoles give it a wide bandwidth to cover both the VHF (174–216 MHz) and UHF (470–700 MHz) bands. It has a gain of 5 dB VHF and 12 dB UHF and an 18 dB front-to-back ratio.
As the albedo of the Moon is very low (maximally 12% but usually closer to 7%), and the path loss over the 770,000 kilometre return distance is extreme (around 250 to 310 dB depending on VHF-UHF band used, modulation format and Doppler shift effects), high power (more than 100 watts) and high-gain antennas (more than 20 dB) must be used.
The driven elements between the UHF and VHF are then coupled and often matched for a 75 Ω coaxial downlead to the receiver. When a "driven element" is referred to in an antenna array, it is often assumed that other elements are not driven (i.e. passive radiator) and that the array is tightly coupled (spacing far below a wavelength).
Very high frequency (VHF) is the ITU designation [1] [2] [3] for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves (radio waves) from 30 to 300 megahertz (MHz), with corresponding wavelengths of ten meters to one meter.
An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. [ 1 ] : p.149 [ 2 ] The individual antennas (called elements ) are usually connected to a single receiver or transmitter by feedlines that feed the power to the elements in a specific phase ...
Corner reflector UHF TV antenna from 1954 with bowtie dipole driven element. A corner reflector antenna is a type of directional antenna used at VHF and UHF frequencies. [1] [2] It was invented by John D. Kraus in 1938. [3] [4] It consists of a dipole driven element mounted in front of two flat rectangular reflecting screens joined at an angle ...
Moxon antenna for the 20-meter band.The antenna is the faint rectangle of wires held in tension by the bent X-shaped support frame. Moxon antenna for the 2-meter band. The Moxon antenna or Moxon rectangle is a simple and mechanically rugged two-element parasitic array, single-frequency antenna. [1]