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The Polar Code applies to ships operating in Polar Waters. The Polar Code stems from previous IMO documents, including voluntary guidelines in both 2002 [5] and 2010. [6] As part of ongoing international work on the Polar Code, an IMO Workshop on the code's Environmental Aspects was held in Cambridge, United Kingdom, in September 2011.
The International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage (BUNKER) is an International treaty listed and administered by the International Maritime Organization, [1] signed in London on 23 March 2001 and in force generally on 21 November 2008. The purpose is to adopt uniform international rules and procedures for ...
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL) was an International Treaty signed in London on 12 May 1954 (OILPOL 54). It was updated in 1962 (OILPOL 62), 1969 (OILPOL 69), and 1971 (OILPOL 71). [1] OILPOL was subsumed by the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL ...
Full-size intermodal containers equipped with these "cryogenic" systems can maintain their temperature for the 30 days needed for sea transport. [4] Since they do not require an external power supply, cryogenically refrigerated containers can be stored anywhere on any vessel that can accommodate "dry" (un-refrigerated) ocean freight containers.
In May 1996, the International Maritime Organization organized an international conference in London, where states adopted the HNS Convention. [5] The convention is based on the model of the 1992 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, which covers pollution damage caused by spills of crude oil from tankers.
In the U.S., the Convention is implemented through the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS). [1] Under the provisions of the Convention, the United States can take direct enforcement action under U.S. laws against foreign-flagged ships when pollution discharge incidents occur within U.S. jurisdiction. When incidents occur outside U.S ...
Different liquids, such as sea water, juice, brines, or glycol solutions of additives with more than 3–5% concentrations and a freezing point less than −2 °C are used in the process. Typically, the equipment for the production, accumulation and supplying of pumpable ice includes an ice maker , a storage tank , a heat exchanger , piping ...
In the above equation, T F is the normal freezing point of the pure solvent (273 K for water, for example); a liq is the activity of the solvent in the solution (water activity for aqueous solution); ΔH fus T F is the enthalpy change of fusion of the pure solvent at T F, which is 333.6 J/g for water at 273 K; ΔC fus p is the difference ...