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The brain space of the skull, and so most likely the brain itself, were larger than in modern humans. When comparing traits to worldwide average present day human traits in Neanderthal specimens, the following traits are distinguished.
Modern human cranial size over the last 300 ka using data consolidated into 100-year means according to one 2022 study [6]...and for the last 30 ka [6]. From early primates to hominids and finally to Homo sapiens, the brain gets progressively larger - with the exception of extinct Neanderthals whose brain size exceeded that of modern Homo sapiens.
The largest Neanderthal brain, Amud 1, was calculated to be 1,736 cm 3 (105.9 cu in), one of the largest ever recorded in hominids. [78] Both Neanderthal and human infants measure about 400 cm 3 (24 cu in). [213] When viewed from the rear, the Neanderthal braincase has lower, wider, rounder appearance than in anatomically modern humans.
The human brain contains 86 billion neurons, with 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex. [ 2 ] [ 1 ] Neuron counts constitute an important source of insight on the topic of neuroscience and intelligence : the question of how the evolution of a set of components and parameters (~10 11 neurons, ~10 14 synapses) of a complex system leads to ...
Brain size in both Neanderthals and AMH is significantly larger on average (but overlapping in range) than brain size in H. erectus. Neanderthal and AMH brain sizes are in the same range, but there are differences in the relative sizes of individual brain areas, with significantly larger visual systems in Neanderthals than in AMH. [102] [note 9]
The estimated age of the remains is between 150,000 and 120,000 years. The remains' characteristics typical of early Neanderthals include the size of the brow ridges, the long and low brain case, and the strong chinless lower jaw. [3]
These "dogs" had a wide size range, from over 60 cm (2 ft) in height in eastern Europe to less than 30–45 cm (1 ft–1 ft 6 in) in central and western Europe, [104] and 32–41 kg (71–90 lb) in all of Europe. These "dogs" are identified by having a shorter snout and skull, and wider palate and braincase than contemporary wolves.
The concept of encephalization has been a key evolutionary trend throughout human evolution, and consequently an important area of study. Over the course of hominin evolution, brain size has seen an overall increase from 400 cm 3 to 1400 cm 3. [42] Furthermore, the genus Homo is specifically defined by a significant increase in brain size. [43]