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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
Level of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables. [1] Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement: nominal , ordinal , interval , and ratio .
The moment magnitude scale (MMS; denoted explicitly with M or M w or Mwg, and generally implied with use of a single M for magnitude [1]) is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude ("size" or strength) based on its seismic moment. M w was defined in a 1979 paper by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori.
The proportion of total energy radiated as seismic waves varies greatly depending on focal mechanism and tectonic environment; [54] M e and M w for very similar earthquakes can differ by as much as 1.4 units. [55] Despite the usefulness of the M e scale, it is not generally used due to difficulties in estimating the radiated seismic energy. [56]
Order of magnitude is a concept used to discuss the scale of numbers in relation to one another. Two numbers are "within an order of magnitude" of each other if their ratio is between 1/10 and 10. In other words, the two numbers are within about a factor of 10 of each other. [1] For example, 1 and 1.02 are within an order of magnitude.
The stone is not a measurement of weight used in the US. The US customary system uses the short hundredweight of 100 lb and short ton of 2,000 lb. Where these systems most notably differ is in their units of volume. A US fluid ounce (fl oz), about 29.6 millilitres (ml), is slightly
1.4 m – length of a Peel P50, the world's smallest car; 1.435 m – standard gauge of railway track used by about 60% of railways in the world = 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in; 2.5 m – distance from the floor to the ceiling in an average residential house [119] 2.7 m – length of the Starr Bumble Bee II, the smallest plane
For example, 1 m/s = 1 m / (1 s) is the coherent derived unit for velocity. [1]: 139 With the exception of the kilogram (for which the prefix kilo- is required for a coherent unit), when prefixes are used with the coherent SI units, the resulting units are no longer coherent, because the prefix introduces a numerical factor other than one.