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Lithotripsy is a procedure involving the physical destruction of hardened masses like kidney stones, [1] bezoars [2] or gallstones, which may be done non-invasively. The term is derived from the Greek words meaning "breaking (or pulverizing) stones" ( litho- + τρίψω [tripso]).
Clinical diagnosis is usually made on the basis of the location and severity of the pain, which is typically colicky in nature (comes and goes in spasmodic waves). Pain in the back occurs when calculi produce an obstruction in the kidney. [58] Physical examination may reveal fever and tenderness at the costovertebral angle on the affected side ...
Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy (EHL) is a medical procedure which uses targeted shockwaves to break up kidney stones and gallstones. [1] This form of extracorporeal lithotripsy is unique in that the shockwaves are produced by a vaporization bubble expanding and collapsing repeatedly, creating a pressure wave. [ 1 ]
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy is used as a second line measure to treat tennis elbow, [9] [10] [11] shoulder rotator cuff pain, [12] [13] Achilles tendinitis, [14] [15] plantar fasciitis, [16] [17] and greater trochanteric pain syndrome. [18] ESWT is also used to promote bone healing and treat bone necrosis. [19]
[13] [14] Sometimes, the pain may be referred to tip of the scapula in cholelithiasis; this is called "Collin's sign". [15] A characteristic symptom of a gallstone attack is the presence of colic-like pain in the upper-right side of the abdomen, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Pain from symptomatic gallstones may range from mild to ...
Symptoms typically include a chronic cough with mucus production. [3] Other symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing up blood, and chest pain. [2] Wheezing and nail clubbing may also occur. [2] Those with the disease often get lung infections. [8]
Laser lithotripsy (LL) has been evaluated against Extracorporeal Shock Wave lithotripsy (ESWL), finding both to be safe and effective. [3] [4] ESWL may be safer for small stones (<10 mm), but less effective for 10–20 mm stones. [3] A 2013 meta-analysis found LL can treat larger stones (> 2 cm) with good stone-free and complication rates. [5]
Lithotomy differs from lithotripsy, where the stones are crushed either by a minimally invasive probe inserted through the exit canal, or by an acoustic pulse (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy), which is a non-invasive procedure. Because of these less invasive procedures, the use of lithotomy has decreased significantly in the modern era.