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Early studies mentioned prevalence in obese postmenopausal women. However, current literature demonstrates that Dercum disease is present in more women than men of all body types; the average age for diagnosis is 35 years. [20] Benign symmetric lipomatosis (Madelung disease) is another condition involving lipomatosis.
Reconstructive, medically necessary liposuction is used to treat lipedema, [7] to remove excess fat in the chronic medical condition lymphedema, [8] and to remove lipomas from areas of the body. [9] [10] Many articles refer to liposuction as "cosmetic" and not reimbursable by medical insurance companies. Most of this information is outdated.
Fat removal procedures are used mostly in cosmetic surgery with the intention of removing unwanted adipose tissue. The procedure may be invasive, as with liposuction , [ 1 ] or noninvasive using laser therapy , radiofrequency , ultrasound or cold ( cryoablation or cryolipolysis) to reduce fat, sometimes in combination with injections.
Genital nullification is a procedure practiced in a body modification subculture made up mostly of men who have had their genitals surgically removed. Those undergoing the procedure often go by the name of nullos, and are not necessarily transgender or nonbinary ; some identify as eunuchs . [ 48 ]
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Women of any weight may be affected [2] [3] and the fat is resistant to traditional weight-loss methods. [4] There is no cure and typically it gets worse over time, pain may be present, and people bruise more easily. [2] Over time mobility may be reduced, and due to reduced quality of life, people often experience depression. [3]
Nullification – the voluntary removal of body parts. Body parts that are commonly removed by those practicing body nullification include the penis, testicles, clitoris, labia and nipples. Sometimes people who desire a nullification may be diagnosed with gender dysphoria, body integrity identity disorder or apotemnophilia. [9]
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