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  2. Independence (probability theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability...

    Independence is a fundamental notion in probability theory, as in statistics and the theory of stochastic processes.Two events are independent, statistically independent, or stochastically independent [1] if, informally speaking, the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the other or, equivalently, does not affect the odds.

  3. Dependent and independent variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent...

    Here the independent variable is the dose and the dependent variable is the frequency/intensity of symptoms. Effect of temperature on pigmentation: In measuring the amount of color removed from beetroot samples at different temperatures, temperature is the independent variable and amount of pigment removed is the dependent variable.

  4. Independent and identically distributed random variables

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_and...

    A random sample can be thought of as a set of objects that are chosen randomly. More formally, it is "a sequence of independent, identically distributed (IID) random data points." In other words, the terms random sample and IID are synonymous. In statistics, "random sample" is the typical terminology, but in probability, it is more common to ...

  5. Regression analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis

    In statistical modeling, regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships between a dependent variable (often called the outcome or response variable, or a label in machine learning parlance) and one or more error-free independent variables (often called regressors, predictors, covariates, explanatory ...

  6. Convolution of probability distributions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution_of_probability...

    The probability distribution of the sum of two or more independent random variables is the convolution of their individual distributions. The term is motivated by the fact that the probability mass function or probability density function of a sum of independent random variables is the convolution of their corresponding probability mass functions or probability density functions respectively.

  7. Controlling for a variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_for_a_variable

    For example, if an outdoor experiment were to be conducted to compare how different wing designs of a paper airplane (the independent variable) affect how far it can fly (the dependent variable), one would want to ensure that the experiment is conducted at times when the weather is the same, because one would not want weather to affect the ...

  8. Variance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance

    Since independent random variables are always uncorrelated (see Covariance § Uncorrelatedness and independence), the equation above holds in particular when the random variables , …, are independent. Thus, independence is sufficient but not necessary for the variance of the sum to equal the sum of the variances.

  9. Characteristic function (probability theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_function...

    If a random variable admits a density function, then the characteristic function is its Fourier dual, in the sense that each of them is a Fourier transform of the other. If a random variable has a moment-generating function (), then the domain of the characteristic function can be extended to the complex plane, and

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