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Vernier caliper scales; main at top, vernier at bottom. It reads 3.58 ± 0.02 mm by adding 3.00 mm (left red mark) on the fixed main scale to vernier 0.58 mm (right red mark). The main scale reading is that to the left of the zero on the vernier scale. The vernier reading is found by locating the best aligned lines between the two scales.
A scale ruler is a tool for measuring lengths and transferring measurements at a fixed ratio of length; two common examples are an architect's scale and engineer's scale. In scientific and engineering terminology, a device to measure linear distance and create proportional linear measurements is called a scale.
In this instrument, a small, precise rack and pinion drives a pointer on a circular dial, allowing direct reading without the need to read a vernier scale. Typically, the pointer rotates once every inch, tenth of an inch, or 1 millimeter. This measurement must be added to the coarse whole inches or centimeters read from the slide.
The pica is a typographic unit of measure corresponding to approximately 1 ⁄ 6 of an inch, or from 1 ⁄ 68 to 1 ⁄ 73 of a foot. One pica is further divided into 12 points. In printing, three pica measures are used: The French pica of 12 Didot points (also called cicero) generally is: 12 × 0.376 = 4.512 mm (0.1776 in).
The folding carpenters' rulers used in Scandinavia are sometimes equipped with double measurements, metric and imperial on both sides, also functioning as a handy conversion table, accounting for its Scandinavian term: Tommestokk/tumstock (thumb (inch) stick), [4] a term with the same meaning that is also used in Dutch: duimstok. Metric only ...
The target may have a vernier to allow fractional increments of the graduation to be read. Digital levels electronically read a bar-coded scale on the staff. These instruments usually include data recording capability. The automation removes the requirement for the operator to read a scale and write down the value, and so reduces blunders.
The Fournier scale: two inches in total, divided into four half-inches, the medium intervals are one line (1 ⁄ 12 inch), and the smallest intervals are 1 ⁄ 36 inch; no intervals for the point is given, though. Fournier printed a reference scale of 144 points over two inches; however, it was too rough to accurately measure a single point. [11]
A ruler with two linear scales: the metric and imperial.It includes shorter minor graduations and longer major graduations. A graduation is a marking used to indicate points on a visual scale, which can be present on a container, a measuring device, or the axes of a line plot, usually one of many along a line or curve, each in the form of short line segments perpendicular to the line or curve.