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The Solar System is traveling at an average speed of 230 km/s (828,000 km/h) or 143 mi/s (514,000 mph) within its trajectory around the Galactic Center, [3] a speed at which an object could circumnavigate the Earth's equator in 2 minutes and 54 seconds; that speed corresponds to approximately 1/1300 of the speed of light.
Figure 1: Geometry of the Oort constants derivation, with a field star close to the Sun in the midplane of the Galaxy. Consider a star in the midplane of the Galactic disk with Galactic longitude at a distance from the Sun. Assume that both the star and the Sun have circular orbits around the center of the Galaxy at radii of and from the Galactic Center and rotational velocities of and ...
The Sun, taking along the whole Solar System, orbits the galaxy's center of mass at an average speed of 230 km/s (828,000 km/h) or 143 mi/s (514,000 mph), [168] taking about 220–250 million Earth years to complete a revolution (a Galactic year), [169] having done so about 20 times since the Sun's formation.
The diameter of the 6 arcsecond inner core of the galaxy is about 17 ± 0.7 kly (5.3 ± 0.2 kpc) while the surrounding ring has an inner 28″ diameter of 75 ± 3 kly (24.8 ± 1.1 kpc) and an outer 45″ diameter of 121 ± 4 kly (39.9 ± 1.7 kpc). [2]
The largest such scale model, the Sweden Solar System, uses the 110-meter (361-foot) Avicii Arena in Stockholm as its substitute Sun, and, following the scale, Jupiter is a 7.5-meter (25-foot) sphere at Stockholm Arlanda Airport, 40 km (25 mi) away, whereas the farthest current object, Sedna, is a 10 cm (4 in) sphere in Luleå, 912 km (567 mi ...
The total mass of the Andromeda Galaxy is estimated to be between 8 × 10 11 M ☉ [56] and 1.1 × 10 12 M ☉. [61] [62] The stellar mass of M31 is 10–15 × 10 10 M ☉, with 30% of that mass in the central bulge, 56% in the disk, and the remaining 14% in the stellar halo. [63]
This motion is caused by the movement of the stars relative to the Sun and Solar System. The Sun travels in a nearly circular orbit (the solar circle ) about the center of the galaxy at a speed of about 220 km/s at a radius of 8,000 parsecs (26,000 ly) from Sagittarius A* [ 5 ] [ 6 ] which can be taken as the rate of rotation of the Milky Way ...
The Sun follows the solar circle (eccentricity e < 0.1) at a speed of about 255 km/s in a clockwise direction when viewed from the galactic north pole at a radius of ≈ 8.34 kpc [4] about the center of the galaxy near Sgr A*, and has only a slight motion, towards the solar apex, relative to the LSR. [5] [6]