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  2. High-energy X-rays - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy_X-rays

    "A Review of High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction from Glasses and Liquids". ISRN Materials Science. 2012: 1– 19. doi: 10.5402/2012/852905. Eberhard Haug; Werner Nakel (2004). The elementary process of Bremsstrahlung. World Scientific Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 73. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-238-578-9.

  3. X-ray crystallography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

    An X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystallized enzyme. The pattern of spots (reflections) and the relative strength of each spot (intensities) can be used to determine the structure of the enzyme. The relative intensities of the reflections provides information to determine the arrangement of molecules within the crystal in atomic detail.

  4. Scherrer equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scherrer_Equation

    The Scherrer equation, in X-ray diffraction and crystallography, is a formula that relates the size of sub-micrometre crystallites in a solid to the broadening of a peak in a diffraction pattern. It is often referred to, incorrectly, as a formula for particle size measurement or analysis.

  5. X-ray diffraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffraction

    X-ray diffraction is a generic term for phenomena associated with changes in the direction of X-ray beams due to interactions with the electrons around atoms. It occurs due to elastic scattering , when there is no change in the energy of the waves.

  6. Help:Citation tools - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_tools

    Cite4Wiki, an XUL-based add-on for Pale Moon to generate {} and {} for the browser's current page. citemark – A bookmarklet to help create {} templates; see the developer's page for details; RefScript: A bookmarklet that generates references with a single click. Works with a few news websites (BBC, Daily Mirror, Daily Telegraph, Huffington ...

  7. R-factor (crystallography) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-factor_(crystallography)

    In the Cambridge Structural Database of small-molecule structures, more than 95% of the 500,000+ crystals have an R-factor lower than 0.15, and 9.5% have an R-factor lower than 0.03. Crystallographers also use the Free R-Factor ( R F r e e {\displaystyle R_{Free}} ) [ 3 ] to assess possible overmodeling of the data.

  8. X-ray filter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_filter

    X-ray filters are also used for X-ray diffraction, in determinations of the interatomic spaces of crystalline solids. These lattice spacings can be determined using Bragg diffraction, but this technique requires scans to be done with approximately monochromatic X-ray beams. Thus, filter set ups like the copper nickel system described above are ...

  9. Rietveld refinement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietveld_refinement

    Rietveld refinement is a technique described by Hugo Rietveld for use in the characterisation of crystalline materials. The neutron and X-ray diffraction of powder samples results in a pattern characterised by reflections (peaks in intensity) at certain positions.