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The gravity of Earth, denoted by g, is the net acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the combined effect of gravitation (from mass distribution within Earth) and the centrifugal force (from the Earth's rotation).
At a fixed point on the surface, the magnitude of Earth's gravity results from combined effect of gravitation and the centrifugal force from Earth's rotation. [2] [3] At different points on Earth's surface, the free fall acceleration ranges from 9.764 to 9.834 m/s 2 (32.03 to 32.26 ft/s 2), [4] depending on altitude, latitude, and longitude.
The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35 × 10 18 metric tons or about 1/4400 of Earth's total mass. The oceans cover an area of 361.8 million km 2 (139.7 million sq mi) with a mean depth of 3,682 m (12,080 ft), resulting in an estimated volume of 1.332 billion km 3 (320 million cu mi). [193]
The actual Hill radius for the Earth-Moon pair is on the order of 60,000 km (i.e., extending less than one-sixth the distance of the 378,000 km between the Moon and the Earth). [9] In the Earth-Sun example, the Earth (5.97 × 10 24 kg) orbits the Sun (1.99 × 10 30 kg) at a distance of 149.6 million km, or one astronomical unit (AU). The Hill ...
These proportionalities may be expressed by the formula: where g is the surface gravity of an object, expressed as a multiple of the Earth's, m is its mass, expressed as a multiple of the Earth's mass (5.976 × 10 24 kg) and r its radius, expressed as a multiple of the Earth's (mean) radius (6,371 km). [9]
In classical mechanics, a gravitational field is a physical quantity. [5] A gravitational field can be defined using Newton's law of universal gravitation.Determined in this way, the gravitational field g around a single particle of mass M is a vector field consisting at every point of a vector pointing directly towards the particle.
The above equation describes the Earth's gravitational potential, not the geoid itself, at location ,,, the co-ordinate being the geocentric radius, i.e., distance from the Earth's centre. The geoid is a particular equipotential surface, [ 27 ] and is somewhat involved to compute.
rad/s is the diurnal angular speed of the Earth axis, and km the radius of the reference sphere, and the distance of the point on the Earth crust to the Earth axis. [3] For the mass attraction effect by itself, the gravitational acceleration at the equator is about 0.18% less than that at the poles due to being located farther from the mass ...