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The Bulgars had built wooden ramparts in the swampy area near the Peuce Island. The marshes forced the Byzantines to attack from a weakened position and in smaller groups, which reduced the strength of their attack. With continuing attacks from the ramparts, the Bulgar defense eventually forced the Byzantines into a rout, followed up by the ...
The early Bulgars were a warlike people and war was part of their everyday life, with every adult Bulgar obliged to fight. The early Bulgars were exclusively horsemen: in their culture, the horse was considered a sacred animal and received special care. The supreme commander was the khan, who mustered the army with the help of the aristocracy.
The Bulgars led by the first two brothers Batbayan and Kotrag remained in the Pontic steppe zone, where they were known as Black Bulgars by Byzantine and Rus sources, and became Khazar vassals. [ 90 ] [ 25 ] [ 91 ] The Bulgars led by Kotrag migrated to the middle Volga region during the 7th and 9th centuries, where they founded Volga Bulgaria ...
Bulgarism is an ideology aimed at the "revival of Bulgars' national identity" and Volga Bulgaria statehood. [2] It originated in the second half of 19th century within the Wäisi movement [ 3 ] and the Society for the study of the native land (Chuvashia). [ 4 ]
Volga Bulgaria was a multi-ethnic state with large numbers of Bulgars, Finno-Ugrians, Varangians, and East Slavs. [6] Its strategic position allowed it to create a local trade monopoly with Norse, Cumans, and Pannonian Avars. [7]
[3] [4] Kuber had been made governor of the region by the Avar Khagan. [5] [6] Kuber's subjects called themselves Sermesianoi, [6] but the Byzantines referred to them as "Bulgars". [7] They had preserved their Roman and Christian traditions, even though their ancestors had been taken to the Avar Khaganate some 60 years prior to Kuber's ...
Due to the rugged terrain the advancing Byzantine army broke its order. Taking advantage of that mistake, Kardam ordered a counterattack which brought the Bulgarians a great success. [ 6 ] The Bulgarian cavalry went round the Byzantines and cut their way back to their fortified camp and the fortress of Marcellae. [ 5 ]
Alcek or Alzeco was allegedly a son of Kubrat and led the Bulgars to Ravenna that later settled in the villages of Gallo Matese, Sepino, Boiano and Isernia in the Matese mountains of southern Italy. 3 shows the Bulgars of Alzeco moving along Italy. 4 shows the earlier Pannonian Bulgars of Alciocus.