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Performance-enhancing substances (PESs), also known as performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), [1] are substances that are used to improve any form of activity performance in humans. Many substances, such as anabolic steroids , can be used to improve athletic performance and build muscle, which in most cases is considered cheating by organized ...
Since their discovery, anabolic steroids (AAS) have been widely used as performance-enhancing drugs to improve performance in sports, [1] to improve one's physical appearance, as self-medication to recover from injury, and as an anti-aging aid. Use of anabolic steroids for purposes other than treating medical conditions is controversial and, in ...
Studies in the United States have shown that AAS users tend to be mostly middle-class men with a median age of about 25 who are noncompetitive bodybuilders and non-athletes and use the drugs for cosmetic purposes. [54] "Among 12- to 17-year-old boys, use of steroids and similar drugs jumped 25 percent from 1999 to 2000, with 20 percent saying ...
Blood doping is a form of doping in which the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream is boosted in order to enhance athletic performance. Because such blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles, a higher concentration in the blood can improve an athlete's aerobic capacity (VO 2 max) and endurance. [1]
[17] [18] [19] Phase I and II trials have provided preliminary evidence that the SARMs enobosarm and GSK-2881078 (in elderly men and postmenopausal women), and OPL-88004 (prostate cancer survivors with low levels of testosterone) increase lean body mass and muscle size with little effect on the prostate, supporting the potential of SARMs for ...
Ovarian stimulation with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole has been proposed for ovulation induction in order to treat unexplained female infertility. In a multi-center study funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development, ovarian stimulation with letrozole resulted in a significantly lower frequency of multiple gestation (i.e., twins or triplets) but also a lower frequency ...
Trenbolone acetate has never been approved for use in humans and therefore guidelines for human consumption do not exist. [5] However, athletes and bodybuilders have been using trenbolone acetate as a physique- and performance-enhancing drug for decades. Some argue there are many benefits for bodybuilder's using trenbolone acetate as an AAS.
One of the main researchers from the study on enhanced endurance consequently developed a urine test to detect the drug, and made it available to the International Olympic Committee. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) developed a test for GW501516 and other related PPARδ modulators, [18] and added such drugs to the prohibited list in 2009. [19]