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2. Separatory funnel - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatory_funnel

   The funnel is then closed and shaken gently by inverting the funnel multiple times; if the two solutions are mixed together too vigorously emulsions will form. The funnel is then inverted and the stopcock carefully opened to release excess vapor pressure. The separating funnel is set aside to allow for the complete separation of the phases.

3. Countercurrent distribution - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countercurrent_distribution

   Countercurrent distribution is a separation process that is founded on the principles of liquid–liquid extraction where a chemical compound is distributed (partitioned) between two immiscible liquid phases (oil and water for example) according to its relative solubility in the two phases.

4. Extraction (chemistry) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)

   Laboratory-scale liquid-liquid extraction. Photograph of a separatory funnel in a laboratory scale extraction of 2 immiscible liquids: liquids are a diethyl ether upper phase, and a lower aqueous phase. Soxhlet extractor. Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting of the separation of a substance from a matrix. The distribution ...

5. Liquid–liquid extraction - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid–liquid_extraction

   A separatory funnel used for liquid–liquid extraction, as evident by the two immiscible liquids.. Liquid–liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds or metal complexes, based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar).

6. Acid–base extraction - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid–base_extraction

   Acid–base extraction is a subclass of liquid–liquid extractions and involves the separation of chemical species from other acidic or basic compounds. [1] It is typically performed during the work-up step following a chemical synthesis to purify crude compounds [2] and results in the product being largely free of acidic or basic impurities.

7. Fractionation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionation

   Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (of gasses, solids, liquids, enzymes, or isotopes, or a suspension) is divided during a phase transition, into a number of smaller quantities in which the composition varies according to a gradient.

8. Partition chromatography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_chromatography

   In contrast, Martin and Synge developed and described a chromatographic separation process whereby compounds were partitioned between two liquid phases similar to the separatory funnel liquid-liquid separation dynamic. This was an important departure, both in theory and inder equilibrium conditions. [4]

9. Filter funnel - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_funnel

   A filter funnel is a laboratory funnel used for separating solids from liquids via the laboratory process of filtering. [1] In order to achieve this, a cone-like shaped piece of filter paper is usually folded into a cone and placed within the funnel. The suspension of solid and liquid is then poured through the funnel.