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A number of materials contract on heating within certain temperature ranges; this is usually called negative thermal expansion, rather than "thermal contraction".For example, the coefficient of thermal expansion of water drops to zero as it is cooled to 3.983 °C (39.169 °F) and then becomes negative below this temperature; this means that water has a maximum density at this temperature, and ...
1 Thermal expansion. 2 Notes. 3 References. Toggle References subsection. 3.1 CRC. 3.2 CR2. 3.3 LNG. 3.4 WEL. Toggle the table of contents. Thermal expansivities of ...
This provides an expression for the Joule–Thomson coefficient in terms of the commonly available properties heat capacity, molar volume, and thermal expansion coefficient. It shows that the Joule–Thomson inversion temperature, at which μ J T {\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {JT} }} is zero, occurs when the coefficient of thermal expansion is ...
The laws of thermodynamics imply the following relations between these two heat capacities (Gaskell 2003:23): = = Here is the thermal expansion coefficient: = is the isothermal compressibility (the inverse of the bulk modulus):
The sharp minimum occurs at the Invar ratio of 36% Ni. Invar, also known generically as FeNi36 (64FeNi in the US), is a nickel – iron alloy notable for its uniquely low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE or α). The name Invar comes from the word invariable, referring to its relative lack of expansion or contraction with temperature ...
Temperature gradients, thermal expansion or contraction and thermal shocks are things that can lead to thermal stress. This type of stress is highly dependent on the thermal expansion coefficient which varies from material to material. In general, the greater the temperature change, the higher the level of stress that can occur.
β is the thermal expansion coefficient (equals to 1/T, for ideal gases, where T is absolute temperature). is the kinematic viscosity; α is the thermal diffusivity; T s is the surface temperature; T ∞ is the quiescent temperature (fluid temperature far from the surface of the object) Gr x is the Grashof number for characteristic length x
where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion. [ 2 ] : 128–129 The Boussinesq approximation states that the density variation is only important in the buoyancy term. If F = ρ g {\displaystyle F=\rho \mathbf {g} } is the gravitational body force, the resulting conservation equation is [ 2 ] : 129