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The cochlear implant (CI) has transformed the field of otology. Just 50 years ago, there were no effective treatments for deafness and severe losses in hearing. The development of the CI changed that completely and today most recipients of CIs can converse with ease using their cell phones.
A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted neuroprosthesis that provides a person who has moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss with sound perception. With the help of therapy, cochlear implants may allow for improved speech understanding in both quiet and noisy environments.
Mudry et al clarify the first steps in the development of the cochlear implant, ie, an electrical stimulating device partially inserted into the cochlea.
Early history of cochlear implants. Developers and places of origin are shown, along with a timeline for the various efforts. Initial stages of development are depicted with the light lines, and clinical applications of devices are depicted with the heavy lines.
Findings: The first CI was implanted by William House and John Doyle of Los Angeles, California, in 1961. In 1964, Blair Simmons and Robert White of Stanford University, Stanford, California, placed a 6-channel electrode through the promontory and vestibule directly into the modiolus.
As Albert Mudry and Mara Mills documented in their 2013 retrospective article “ The Early History of the Cochlear Implant,” electrical stimulation of the ear dates to at least 1748, when Benjamin Wilson stimulated the scalp of a deaf woman with electricity.
1960-61—Los Angeles: House and Doyle begin work on prosthesis; effect electrical stimulation during stapes surgery; implant three patients with a single gold electrode. 1964—Palo Alto, Calif.: Simmons, at Stanford, develops a six-electrode system using a percutaneous plug.
It was there where I learned to operate acoustic nerve tumors and perform endolymphatic sac surgery. But, interestingly, I first heard about cochlear implants during an Auditory Canal Transtemporal Microsurgery International Course coordinated by Prof. Ugo Fisch, in 1972.