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Clinical pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy in which clinical pharmacists provide direct patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. [1][2] Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics.
In Canada, the scope of practice for pharmacists varies by province, with Alberta leading the way in terms of prescribing authority. Pharmacists in Alberta can prescribe medications, manage chronic conditions, order and interpret lab tests, assess minor injuries, and administer vaccinations.
Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of medicines. It is a miscellaneous science as it links health sciences with pharmaceutical sciences and natural sciences.
California pharmacists can apply for Advanced Practice Pharmacist (APh) licenses from the California State Board of Pharmacy. Senate Bill 493, written by Senator Ed Hernandez, established a section on the Advanced Practice Pharmacist and outlines the definition, scope of practice, qualifications, and regulations of those holding this license. [63]
A number of states are expanding the pharmacist's scope of practice through the implementation of advanced practice pharmacy. [53] In addition to the advanced practice designation, pharmacists in certain practice settings have been granted the ability to perform certain tasks under a collaborative practice agreement (CPA) with a physician.
A collaborative practice agreement (CPA) is a legal document in the United States that establishes a legal relationship between clinical pharmacists and collaborating physicians that allows for pharmacists to participate in collaborative drug therapy management (CDTM). CDTM is an expansion of the traditional pharmacist scope of practice ...
Medical device (such as hearing aids, for example) may be specified by a type of prescription. Off-label use – Use of pharmaceuticals for conditions different from that for which they were approved. Prescription analytics. Prescription charges – Charges for medical prescriptions on the UK NHS, and in Ireland.
The pharmacy charges the NHS the actual cost of the medicine, which may vary from a few pence to hundreds of pounds. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] A patient can consolidate prescription charges by using a prescription payment certificate (informally a "season ticket"), effectively capping costs at £31.25 a quarter or £111.60 for a year.