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The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is a one-party republic governed by the Workers' Party of Korea – a political party based on Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism, with references to communism and Marxism–Leninism within its party rules. [20] Formerly a Marxist–Leninist state. [nb 7] Portuguese Republic: 25 April 1976 48 years, 237 days
Nepal was previously ruled by the Nepal Communist Party, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), and the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) between 1994 and 1998 and then again between 2008 and 2018 while states formerly ruled by one or more communist parties include San Marino (1945–1957 and 1978-1990), Moldova ...
A major effort to support communist party activity in Western democracies, especially the Italian Communist Party and the French Communist Party, fell short of gaining positions in the government. The Late Cold War (1960–1970s) in which China turned against the Soviet Union and organized alternative communist parties in many countries.
For example, while the terms have been conflated at times, communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist–Leninist ideologies, whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are most often distinct from Marxism–Leninism.
Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the communist left, which criticizes the political ideas and practices espoused, particularly following the series of revolutions that brought World War I to an end by Bolsheviks and social democrats. [280]
Prominent left communist groups existing today include the International Communist Current and the Internationalist Communist Tendency. [233] Specific currents that can be labelled part of left communism include Bordigism, Luxemburgism, and Communization. [234]
Communist states have established two types of civil-military systems. The armed forces of most socialist states have historically been state institutions based on the Soviet model, [124] but in China, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam, the armed forces are party-state institutions. However, several differences exist between the statist (Soviet ...
The dominant forms of communism are based on Marxism, but non-Marxist versions of communism such as anarchist communism and Christian communism also exist. According to The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx , "Marx used many terms to refer to a post-capitalist society—positive humanism, socialism, Communism, realm of free individuality, free ...