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A parapneumonic effusion is a type of pleural effusion (accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity) that arises as a result of a pneumonia, lung abscess, or bronchiectasis. [1] There are three types of parapneumonic effusions: uncomplicated effusions, complicated effusions, and empyema. Uncomplicated effusions generally respond well to ...
A pleural effusion is accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural space, the potential space that surrounds each lung.Under normal conditions, pleural fluid is secreted by the parietal pleural capillaries at a rate of 0.6 millilitre per kilogram weight per hour, and is cleared by lymphatic absorption leaving behind only 5–15 millilitres of fluid, which helps to maintain a functional ...
The initial investigations for suspected empyema remains chest X-ray, although it cannot differentiate an empyema from uninfected parapneumonic effusion. [6] Ultrasound must be used to confirm the presence of a pleural fluid collection and can be used to estimate the size of the effusion, differentiate between free and loculated pleural fluid ...
Pericardial effusion due to a viral infection usually resolves within a few weeks without any treatment. [8] Small pericardial effusions without any symptoms don't require treatment and may be watched with serial ultrasounds. [2] If the effusion is compromising heart function and causing cardiac tamponade, it will need to be drained. [1]
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To distinguish an empyema from the more common simple parapneumonic effusion, the fluid may be collected with a needle (thoracentesis), and examined. [142] If this shows evidence of empyema, complete drainage of the fluid is necessary, often requiring a drainage catheter. [142] In severe cases of empyema, surgery may be needed. [142]