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For example, pharmaceuticals that pick up more than 5% by mass, between 40 and 90% relative humidity at 25 °C, are described as hygroscopic, while materials that pick up less than 1%, under the same conditions are regarded as non-hygroscopic. [32] The amount of moisture held by hygroscopic materials is usually proportional to the relative ...
Integral damp proofing in concrete involves adding materials to the concrete mix to make the concrete itself impermeable. [ 4 ] Surface suppressant coating with thin water proof materials such as epoxy resin for resistance to non-pressurized moisture such as rain water or a coating of cement sprayed on such as shotcrete which can resist water ...
In fresh concrete, air entrainment improves workability and makes it easier to handle and pump. It also helps prevent bleeding and segregation, unwanted processes that can occur during mixing. In hardened concrete, air entrainment strengthens the material by making it better able to withstand freeze-thaw cycles.
A common use for desiccators is to protect chemicals which are hygroscopic or which react with water from humidity. The contents of desiccators are exposed to atmospheric moisture whenever the desiccators are opened. It also requires some time to achieve a low humidity.
The Hygroscopic Cycle is a concept that has evolved recently and is at the heart of intensive research on hygroscopic fluids. Recent developments have been the Kalina cycle , [ 17 ] but with the actual configuration, it is expected to have an impact in locations with poor access to water, and a good integration with combined cycle plants, and ...
High-density solids are mixtures of liquid and solid constituents; examples include farm grain, pulled pork, etc.. Each have their own typical physical and chemical characteristics such as specific weight, solids content, maximum particle size as well as how they behave, for example thixotropically, abrasively or adhesively.
Example of flat piece of concrete having dislodged with corroded rebar underneath, Welland River bridge across Queen Elizabeth Way in Niagara Falls, Ontario. The expansion of the corrosion products (iron oxides) of carbon steel reinforcement structures may induce internal mechanical stress (tensile stress) that cause the formation of cracks and disrupt the concrete structure.
This kind of concrete is also known as self-repairing concrete. Because concrete has a poor tensile strength compared to other building materials, it often develops cracks in the surface. These cracks reduce the durability of the concrete because they facilitate the flow of liquids and gases that may contain harmful compounds.