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Heavy minerals (dark) in a quartz beach sand (Chennai, India).Heavy mineral sands are a class of ore deposit which is an important source of zirconium, titanium, thorium, tungsten, rare-earth elements, the industrial minerals diamond, sapphire, garnet, and occasionally precious metals or gemstones.
The sapphire deposits of Kashmir are well known in the gem industry, although their peak production took place in a relatively short period at the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. [ 5 ] : 463–482 These deposits are located in the Paddar Valley of the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir in India. [ 36 ]
Kashmir sapphire is a rare and highly prized variety of blue sapphire known for its rich, ... Discovered in the late 19th century in Kashmir, India, ...
This lists of mines in India is subsidiary to the list of mines article, and future mines in the country and is organised by the primary mineral output. For practical purposes stone, marbles and other quarries may be included in this list. In India, the underground mine to surface mine ratio is 20:80 [citation needed].
Lapis lazuli is found in limestone in the Kokcha River valley of Badakhshan province in north-eastern Afghanistan, where the Sar-i Sang mine deposits have been worked for more than 6,000 years. [20] Afghanistan was the source of lapis for the ancient Persian, Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations, as well as the later Greeks and Romans.
Star of India. The Star of India is a 563.35-carat (112.67 g) star sapphire, one of the largest such gems in the world. [1] [a] It is almost flawless and is unusual in that it has stars on both sides of the stone. The greyish-blue gem was mined in Sri Lanka [3] and is housed in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
The mineralogy of the gem deposits varies widely with, among others, corundum (sapphire, ruby), chrysoberyl, beryl, spinel, topaz, zircon, tourmaline, garnet being common. [2] Residual deposits are mainly found in flood plains of rivers and streams. The metamorphic types of gems constitute 90% of the gem deposits in Sri Lanka.
Ruspoli Sapphire: 136.9 carats (27.38 g) [11] Stuart Sapphire: Sri Lanka 104 carats (20.8 g) Blue Tower of London [12] Bismarck Sapphire: Myanmar: 98.56 carats (19.712 g) Table Blue National Museum of Natural History, Washington [13] James J. Hill Sapphire: 22.66 carats (4.532 g) Cornflower National Museum of Natural History, Washington [14]