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Tsarist autocracy (Russian: царское самодержавие, romanized: tsarskoye samoderzhaviye), also called Tsarism, was an autocracy, a form of absolute monarchy localised with the Grand Duchy of Moscow and its successor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire.
The numbers are based upon the sortable list below, which includes further details and references. Note that the holders of certain official positions have been referred to as "czars" for only part of the time those positions have existed. For example, there has been an Assistant Secretary of Labor for Mine Safety and Health since the passage of the Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, but the ...
In the United States, czars are generally executive branch officials appointed by the head of the executive branch (such as the president for the federal government, or the governor of a state). Czars may require confirmation with Senate approval while others do not. Some appointees outside the executive branch are called czars as well.
The number of government departments (prikazy; sing., prikaz) increased from twenty-two in 1613 to eighty by mid-century. Although the departments often had overlapping and conflicting jurisdictions , the central government, through provincial governors, was able to control and regulate all social groups, as well as trade, manufacturing, and ...
He intended to make the government meritocratic, but the system soon became corrupted. Catherine II (later known as Catherine the Great) bought the support of the bureaucracy for her seizure of power (1762). [citation needed] From 19 April 1764, any bureaucrat who had held the same rank for seven years or more got instantly promoted. On 13 ...
More specifically, a czar in the US government typically refers to a sub-cabinet-level advisor within the executive branch. One of the earliest known usages of the term was for Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis , who was named commissioner of baseball , with broad powers to clean up the sport after it had been sullied by the Black Sox scandal of 1919.
Term Description Examples Autocracy: Autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power (social and political) is concentrated in the hands of one person or polity, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection).
Russia in 1914 Demographics of pre-WW1 European countries. The central development in Russian foreign policy was to move away from Germany and toward France. Russia had never been friendly with France, and remembered the wars in the Crimean and the Napoleonic invasion; it saw Paris as a dangerous front of subversion and ridiculed the weak governments there.