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Primary aldosteronism (PA), also known as primary hyperaldosteronism, refers to the excess production of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal glands, resulting in low renin levels and high blood pressure. [1] This abnormality is a paraneoplastic syndrome (i.e. caused by hyperplasia or tumors).
Primary aldosteronism (hyporeninemic hyperaldosteronism) is most often caused by bilateral idiopathic (micronodular) adrenal hyperplasia (almost 70% of cases) [4] and adrenal adenoma (Conn's syndrome) (about 30% of cases). [4] These cause hyperplasia of aldosterone-producing cells of the adrenal cortex resulting in primary hyperaldosteronism.
Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism also describable as aldosterone synthase hyperactivity, is an autosomal dominant disorder in which the increase in aldosterone secretion produced by ACTH is no longer transient. It is a cause of primary hyperaldosteronism. [1]
Hyperaldosteronism is caused by the adrenal gland's overproduction of the hormone aldosterone. The excess production of the adrenal gland, specifically the zona glomerulosa, is the cause of primary hyperaldosteronism. Excessive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation results in secondary hyperaldosteronism. [29]
Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of steroid hormones.The adrenal glands—also referred to as the adrenal cortex—normally secrete glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol), mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone), and androgens.
A complication seen in untreated Addison's disease and other types of primary adrenal insufficiency is the adrenal crisis, a medical emergency in which low glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid levels result in hypovolemic shock and symptoms such as vomiting and fever.
Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, [4] is a rare long-term endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate production of the steroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone by the two outer layers of the cells of the adrenal glands (adrenal cortex), causing adrenal insufficiency.
Liddle's syndrome, also called Liddle syndrome, [1] is a genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant manner that is characterized by early, and frequently severe, high blood pressure associated with low plasma renin activity, metabolic alkalosis, low blood potassium, and normal to low levels of aldosterone. [1]