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In most computer file systems, every directory has an entry (usually named ".") which points to the directory itself.In most DOS and UNIX command shells, as well as in the Microsoft Windows command line interpreters cmd.exe and Windows PowerShell, the working directory can be changed by using the CD or CHDIR commands.
Folder objects, which are containers for file objects and other folders called subdirectories, are the nodes of the tree, while file objects are the leaves of the namespace tree. Objects in the Shell namespace can represent physically stored file system objects such as files and folders, or can be virtual objects such as the My Network Places ...
Therefore, the NDIS acts as the interface between the media access control (MAC) sublayer, which is the lower sublayer of the data link layer, and the network layer (layer 3). The NDIS is a library of functions often referred to as a " wrapper " that hides the underlying complexity of the NIC hardware and serves as a standard interface for ...
The network layer provides the means of transferring variable-length network packets from a source to a destination host via one or more networks. Within the service layering semantics of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) network architecture, the network layer responds to service requests from the transport layer and issues service requests to the data link layer.
Recursively list all files and directories in the specified directory and any subdirectories, in wide format, pausing after each screen of output. The directory name is enclosed in double-quotes , to prevent it from being interpreted is as two separate command-line options because it contains a whitespace character .
Dots are important and must be used even for folder names (if there is a dot in the folder name). If there are multiple dots in the long file/directory name, only the last one is used. The preceding dots should be ignored. If there are more characters than three after the final dot, only the first three are used. Generally:
This layer, presentation Layer and application layer are combined in TCP/IP model. 9P Distributed file system protocol developed originally as part of Plan 9; ADSP AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol; ASP AppleTalk Session Protocol; H.245 Call Control Protocol for Multimedia Communications; iSNS Internet Storage Name Service
The original File Allocation Table (FAT) file system, used by Standalone Disk BASIC-80, had a 6.3 file name, with a maximum of 6 bytes in the name and a maximum of 3 bytes in the extension. The FAT12 and FAT16 file systems in IBM PC DOS / MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows prior to Windows 95 used the same 8.3 convention as the CP/M file system.