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Sea ice is a complex composite composed primarily of pure ice in various states of crystallization, but including air bubbles and pockets of brine.Understanding its growth processes is important for climate modellers and remote sensing specialists, since the composition and microstructural properties of the ice affect how it reflects or absorbs sunlight.
Brine (or briny water) is a high-concentration solution of salt (typically sodium chloride or calcium chloride) in water.In diverse contexts, brine may refer to the salt solutions ranging from about 3.5% (a typical concentration of seawater, on the lower end of that of solutions used for brining foods) up to about 26% (a typical saturated solution, depending on temperature).
At 20 °C (68 °F) one liter of water can dissolve about 357 grams of salt, a concentration of 26.3 percent by weight (% w/w). At 100 °C (212 °F) (the boiling temperature of pure water), the amount of salt that can be dissolved in one liter of water increases to about 391 grams, a concentration of 28.1% w/w.
Brine mining is the extraction of useful materials (chemical elements or compounds) which are naturally dissolved in brine. The brine may be seawater , other surface water , groundwater , or hyper-saline solutions from several industries (e.g., textile industries). [ 1 ]
A sea ice brine pocket is an area of fluid sea water with a high salt concentration trapped in sea ice as it freezes. Due to the nature of their formation, brine pockets are most commonly found in areas below −2 °C (28 °F), where it is sufficiently cold for seawater to freeze and form sea ice.
tax form with callculator and glasses. In 2020, the deadline for filing a 2019 tax return was postponed by three months to July 15 — a nearly unprecedented move that defined the turmoil of April ...
The origin of the current rate schedules is the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (IRC), [2] [3] which is separately published as Title 26 of the United States Code. [4] With that law, the U.S. Congress created four types of rate tables, all of which are based on a taxpayer's filing status (e.g., "married individuals filing joint returns," "heads of households").
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was enacted in December 2017, which changed the tax rates for the 2018 tax year. With the exception of annual inflationary adjustments, the federal bracket system remains ...