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Fragile X syndrome co-occurs with autism in many cases and is a suspected genetic cause of the autism in these cases. [ 11 ] [ 22 ] This finding has resulted in screening for FMR1 mutation to be considered mandatory in children diagnosed with autism. [ 11 ]
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder most frequently seen in male premutation carriers of Fragile X syndrome (FXS) over the age of 50. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The main clinical features of FXTAS include problems of movement with cerebellar gait ataxia and action tremor .
Down syndrome is a genetic condition in which people are born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This extra copy affects the development of the body and brain, causing a range of physical and mental impairments for the individual. Fragile X syndrome, most frequent among males, is thought to cause autism and intellectual disability.
In at least 95% of Rett syndrome cases, the cause is a de novo mutation in the child, almost exclusively from a de novo mutation on the male copy of the X chromosome. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] It is not yet known what causes the sperm to mutate, and such mutations are rare.
The condition is commonly inherited in connection with fragile X syndrome (FXS), which is also the second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. [1] The condition is also a rare sign of McCune–Albright syndrome. [2] The opposite of macroorchidism is called microorchidism, which is the condition of abnormally small testes.
Other causes which may cause a permanent delay in development include genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome and GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome; childhood infections such as meningitis or encephalitis, and metabolic disorders such as hypothyroidism.
FG syndrome (FGS) is a rare genetic syndrome caused by one or more recessive genes located on the X chromosome and causing physical anomalies and developmental delays. FG syndrome was named after the first letters of the surnames of the first patients noted with the disease. [ 3 ]
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a rare, inherited, autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the nervous system, causing progressive damage to the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and cerebellum, leading to impaired muscle coordination ().