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Carrier-grade NAT. Carrier-grade NAT (CGN or CGNAT), also known as large-scale NAT (LSN), is a type of network address translation (NAT) used by ISPs in IPv4 network design. With CGNAT, end sites, in particular residential networks, are configured with private network addresses that are translated to public IPv4 addresses by middlebox network address translator devices embedded in the network ...
NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP) is a network protocol for establishing network address translation (NAT) settings and port forwarding configurations automatically without user effort. [1] The protocol automatically determines the external IPv4 address of a NAT gateway, and provides means for an application to communicate the parameters for ...
Port forwarding via NAT router. In computer networking, port forwarding or port mapping is an application of network address translation (NAT) that redirects a communication request from one address and port number combination to another while the packets are traversing a network gateway, such as a router or firewall.
NAT hairpinning, also known as NAT loopback or NAT reflection, [26] is a feature in many consumer routers [27] where a machine on the LAN is able to access another machine on the LAN via the external IP address of the LAN/router (with port forwarding set up on the router to direct requests to the appropriate machine on the LAN).
Various NAT traversal techniques have been developed: NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP) is a protocol introduced by Apple as an alternative to IGDP. Port Control Protocol (PCP) is a successor of NAT-PMP. UPnP Internet Gateway Device Protocol (UPnP IGD) is supported by many small NAT gateways in home or small office settings. It allows a ...
In 2012, the IETF defined a Shared Address Space [4] for use in ISP CGN deployments and NAT devices that can handle the same addresses occurring on both inbound and outbound interfaces. ARIN returned space to the IANA as needed for this allocation and [ 5 ] "The allocated address block is 100.64.0.0 / 10 ".
The compatibility issue still exist since the introduced of the IGDv1 client in Windows XP in 2001, and a IGDv2 router without a workaround that makes router port mapping impossible. [ 8 ] If UPnP is only used to control router port mappings and pinholes, there are alternative, newer much simpler and lightweight protocols such as the PCP and ...
Port Control Protocol (PCP) is a computer networking protocol that allows hosts on IPv4 or IPv6 networks to control how the incoming IPv4 or IPv6 packets are translated and forwarded by an upstream router that performs network address translation (NAT) or packet filtering.
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