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  2. Gram stain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_stain

    Gram stain (Gram staining or Gram's method), is a method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. It may also be used to diagnose a fungal infection. [1] The name comes from the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who developed the technique in 1884. [2]

  3. Schaeffer–Fulton stain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaeffer–Fulton_stain

    Using an aseptic technique, bacteria are placed on a slide and heat fixed. The slide is then suspended over a water bath with some sort of porus paper over it, so that the slide is steamed . Malachite green is applied to the slide, which can penetrate the tough walls of the endospores, staining them green.

  4. Melt and pour - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melt_and_pour

    The meltable base is usually naturally rich in glycerine, a by-product of saponification that has humectant and emollient properties, whereas commercial soap bars have often had this component removed. As with the rebatching method, it can be considered a misnomer to refer to the melt and pour process as soap making. The process has much in ...

  5. Staining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining

    A simple staining method for bacteria that is usually successful, even when the positive staining methods fail, is to use a negative stain. This can be achieved by smearing the sample onto the slide and then applying nigrosin (a black synthetic dye) or India ink (an aqueous suspension of carbon particles).

  6. Endospore staining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore_staining

    Dorner used heat as a step in the process, but it was time-consuming, so in 1933, Schaeffer and Fulton modified his method. Schaeffer and Fulton made the heating process a lot faster by using a Bunsen burner. Although this method was not the most beneficial, it was a lot more convenient than Dorner's method.

  7. Detergent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergent

    Detergents. A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in dilute solutions. [1] There are a large variety of detergents. A common family is the alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are soap-like compounds that are more soluble than soap in hard water, because the polar sulfonate is less likely than the polar carboxylate of soap to bind to calcium and other ...

  8. Calcium stearate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_stearate

    It is also the main component of soap scum, a white solid that forms when soap is mixed with hard water. Unlike soaps containing sodium and potassium, calcium stearate is insoluble in water and does not lather well. [2] Commercially it is sold as a 50% dispersion in water or as a spray dried powder.

  9. Ultra-high-temperature processing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature...

    Ultra-high temperature processing (UHT), ultra-heat treatment, or ultra-pasteurization [1] is a food processing technology that sterilizes liquid food by heating it above 140 °C (284 °F) – the temperature required to kill bacterial endospores – for two to five seconds. [2]

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