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Serious side effects may include bezoar formation and encephalopathy. [6] Use appears to be safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding. [6] How it works is unclear but is believed to involve binding to the ulcer and protecting it from further damage. [3] [6] Sucralfate was approved for medical use in the United States in 1981. [3]
A known side effect of bismuth salts is harmless and reversible darkening of tongue and stool by formation of bismuth sulfite. [3] Other side effects of bismuth containing combination therapies are often difficult to assign to a specific component.
Prostaglandin inhibitors are drugs that inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin in human body. [1] There are various types of prostaglandins responsible for different physiological reactions such as maintaining the blood flow in stomach and kidney, regulating the contraction of involuntary muscles and blood vessels, and act as a mediator of inflammation and pain.
Gastric cytoprotective drugs include carbenoxolone, deglycyrrhizinised liquorice, sucralfate (aluminium hydroxide and sulphated sucrose), misoprostol (a prostaglandin analogue), bismuth chelate (tri-potassium di-citrato bismuthate) and zinc L-carnosine.
Prostaglandin analogues such as misoprostol are used in treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers. [2] Misoprostol and other prostaglandin analogues protect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract from harmful stomach acid and are especially indicated for the elderly on continuous doses of NSAIDs.
Side effects [ edit ] From the digestive system: gastralgia , diarrhea or constipation, increased activity of "hepatic" transaminases, hepatitis (hepatocellular, cholestatic or mixed, with or without jaundice, usually reversible), acute pancreatitis .
These effects are known from the drug's components as well as from other antibiotics. A very rare but dangerous reaction is Stevens–Johnson syndrome , a life-threatening condition affecting the skin, which has also been described under metronidazole and tetracycline as separate drugs.
In general, proton pump inhibitors are well tolerated, and the incidence of short-term adverse effects is relatively low. The range and occurrence of adverse effects are similar for all of the PPIs, though they have been reported more frequently with omeprazole. This may be due to its longer availability and, hence, clinical experience.