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Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})
Note that fmap, join, append and bind are well-defined, since they're applied to progressively deeper arguments at each recursive call. The list type is an additive monad, with nil as the monadic zero and append as monadic sum. Lists form a monoid under the append operation. The identity element of the monoid is the empty list, nil.
The append procedure takes zero or more (linked) lists as arguments, and returns the concatenation of these lists. ( append ' ( 1 2 3 ) ' ( a b ) ' () ' ( 6 )) ;Output: (1 2 3 a b 6) Since the append procedure must completely copy all of its arguments except the last, both its time and space complexity are O( n ) for a list of n {\displaystyle ...
The name Python is said to come from the British comedy series Monty Python's Flying Circus. [48] Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new features such as list comprehensions, cycle-detecting garbage collection, reference counting, and Unicode support. [49]
Suppose that "L" is a variable pointing to the last node of a circular linked list (or null if the list is empty). To append "newNode" to the end of the list, one may do insertAfter(L, newNode) L := newNode To insert "newNode" at the beginning of the list, one may do insertAfter(L, newNode) if L = null L := newNode
The delimiters around the tag have the same effect within the here doc as they would in a regular string literal: For example, using double quotes around the tag allows variables to be interpolated, but using single quotes doesn't, and using the tag without either behaves like double quotes. Using backticks as the delimiters around the tag runs ...
Read-copy-update insertion procedure. A thread allocates a structure with three fields, then sets the global pointer gptr to point to this structure.. A key property of RCU is that readers can access a data structure even when it is in the process of being updated: RCU updaters cannot block readers or force them to retry their accesses.
Python 2 also distinguishes two types of strings: 8-bit ASCII ("bytes") strings (the default), explicitly indicated with a b or B prefix, and Unicode strings, indicated with a u or U prefix. [25] while in Python 3 strings are Unicode by default and bytes are a separate bytes type that when initialized with quotes must be prefixed with a b.