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Xanthochromia, from the Greek xanthos (ξανθός) "yellow" and chroma (χρώμα) "colour", is the yellowish appearance of cerebrospinal fluid that occurs several hours after bleeding into the subarachnoid space caused by certain medical conditions, most commonly subarachnoid hemorrhage. [1]
Xanthochromia remains a reliable ways to detect SAH several days after the onset of headache. [36] An interval of at least 12 hours between the onset of the headache and lumbar puncture is required, as it takes several hours for the hemoglobin from the red blood cells to be metabolized into bilirubin. [4] [36]
However, patients with confirmed CSF leaks may also demonstrate completely normal opening pressures. In 18–46% of cases, the CSF pressure is measured within the normal range. [24] [73] [74] [75] Analysis of spinal fluid may demonstrate lymphocytic pleocytosis and elevated protein content or xanthochromia. This is hypothesized to be due to ...
Analysis of data from this trial has indicated a 7% lower eight-year mortality rate with coiling, [33] a high rate of aneurysm recurrence in aneurysms treated with coiling—from 28.6 to 33.6% within a year, [34] [35] a 6.9 times greater rate of late retreatment for coiled aneurysms, [36] and a rate of rebleeding 8 times higher than surgically ...
The brain produces roughly 500 mL of cerebrospinal fluid per day at a rate of about 20 mL an hour. [18] This transcellular fluid is constantly reabsorbed, so that only 125–150 mL is present at any one time. [1] CSF volume is higher on a mL per kg body weight basis in children compared to adults.
Idiopathic or unknown cause (idiopathic intracranial hypertension, a common cause in otherwise well people especially younger women) [citation needed] Craniosynostosis; One of the most damaging aspects of brain trauma and other conditions, directly correlated with poor outcome, is an elevated intracranial pressure. [10]
The glucose level in CSF is proportional to the blood glucose level and corresponds to 60-70% of the concentration in blood. [4] Therefore, normal CSF glucose levels lie between 2.5 and 4.4 mmol/L (45–80 mg/dL). [5]
It is done by inserting a needle through the skin below the external occipital protuberance into the cisterna magna and is an alternative to lumbar puncture. Indications for its use are limited. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and direct puncture of brain tissue are the most common major complications. Fluoroscopic guidance decreases the risk for ...