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The first three pairs of ganglia are fused into the brain, while the three following pairs are fused into a structure of three pairs of ganglia under the insect's esophagus, called the subesophageal ganglion. [1]: 57 The thoracic segments have one ganglion on each side, which are connected into a pair, one pair per segment.
In some insect pupae, like the mosquitoes', the head and thorax can be fused in a cephalothorax. Members of suborder Apocrita (wasps, ants and bees) in the order Hymenoptera have the first segment of the abdomen fused with the thorax, which is called the propodeum .
An insect uses its digestive system to extract nutrients and other substances from the food it consumes. [3]Most of this food is ingested in the form of macromolecules and other complex substances (such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids) which must be broken down by catabolic reactions into smaller molecules (i.e. amino acids, simple sugars, etc.) before being used by cells ...
Insects have spiracles on their exoskeletons to allow air to enter the trachea. [1] [page needed] In insects, the tracheal tubes primarily deliver oxygen directly into the insects' tissues. The spiracles can be opened and closed in an efficient manner to reduce water loss. This is done by contracting closer muscles surrounding the spiracle.
Two thoracic segments are fused into the head; one thoracic segment is in the posterior tagma. Other kinds of copepod also have two tagmata but formed by different segments. The development of distinct tagmata is believed to be a feature of the evolution of segmented animals, especially arthropods. In the ancestral arthropod, the body was made ...
Abdominal segments three through six and ten may each bear a pair of legs that are more fleshy. [21] The thoracic legs are known as true legs and the abdominal legs are called prolegs. [64] The true legs vary little in the Lepidoptera except for reduction in certain leaf-miners and elongation in the family Notodontidae.
The metathorax is the segment that bears the hindwings in most winged insects, though sometimes these may be reduced or modified, as in the flies , in which they are reduced to form halteres, or flightless, as in beetles , in which they may be completely absent even though forewings are still present. All adult insects possess legs on the ...
Prothorax of a beetle. The prothorax is the foremost of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the first pair of legs.Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the pronotum (), the prosternum (), and the propleuron on each side.