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Damage "does not necessarily imply total loss of system functionality, but rather that the system is no longer operating in its optimal manner". [1] Damage to physical objects is "the progressive physical process by which they break", [2]: 1. and includes mechanical stress that weakens a structure, even if this is not visible. [2]: ix.
Similarly, corrosion of concrete-covered steel and iron can cause the concrete to spall, creating severe structural problems. It is one of the most common failure modes of reinforced concrete bridges. Measuring instruments based on the half-cell potential can detect the potential corrosion spots before total failure of the concrete structure is ...
Hazard statements form part of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). They are intended to form a set of standardized phrases about the hazards of chemical substances and mixtures that can be translated into different languages.
Also acid ionization constant or acidity constant. A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution expressed as an equilibrium constant for a chemical dissociation reaction in the context of acid-base reactions. It is often given as its base-10 cologarithm, p K a. acid–base extraction A chemical reaction in which chemical species are separated from other acids and bases. acid ...
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. [1] Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity).
A hazard is defined as "the potential occurrence of a natural or human-induced physical event or trend that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, as well as damage and loss to property, infrastructure, livelihoods, service provision, ecosystems and environmental resources."
L. M. Kachanov [5] and Y. N. Rabotnov [6] suggested the following evolution equations for the creep strain ε and a lumped damage state variable ω: ˙ = ˙ ˙ = ˙ where ˙ is the creep strain rate, ˙ is the creep-rate multiplier, is the applied stress, is the creep stress exponent of the material of interest, ˙ is the rate of damage accumulation, ˙ is the damage-rate multiplier, and is ...
Phytotoxic effects of the fungus Rhytisma_acerinum on a Maple leaf.. Phytotoxicity describes any adverse effects on plant growth, physiology, or metabolism caused by a chemical substance, such as high levels of fertilizers, herbicides, heavy metals, or nanoparticles. [1]