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lg – common logarithm (log 10) or binary logarithm (log 2). LHS – left-hand side of an equation. Li – offset logarithmic integral function. li – logarithmic integral function or linearly independent. lim – limit of a sequence, or of a function. lim inf – limit inferior. lim sup – limit superior. LLN – law of large numbers.
Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.
The rationale behind this is that it enables design and usage of special mathematical characters that include all necessary properties to differentiate from other alphanumerics, e.g. in mathematics an italic "𝐴" can have a different meaning from a roman letter "A".
For example, saying "the absolute value is denoted by | · |" is perhaps clearer than saying that it is denoted as | |. ± (plus–minus sign) 1. Denotes either a plus sign or a minus sign. 2. Denotes the range of values that a measured quantity may have; for example, 10 ± 2 denotes an unknown value that lies between 8 and 12.
The letter may be followed by a subscript: a number (as in x 2), another variable (x i), a word or abbreviation of a word as a label (x total) or a mathematical expression (x 2i+1). Under the influence of computer science , some variable names in pure mathematics consist of several letters and digits.
Random variables are usually written in upper case Roman letters, such as or and so on. Random variables, in this context, usually refer to something in words, such as "the height of a subject" for a continuous variable, or "the number of cars in the school car park" for a discrete variable, or "the colour of the next bicycle" for a categorical variable.
Many letters of the Latin alphabet, both capital and small, are used in mathematics, science, and engineering to denote by convention specific or abstracted constants, variables of a certain type, units, multipliers, or physical entities. Certain letters, when combined with special formatting, take on special meaning.
Mathematical notation is widely used in mathematics, science, and engineering for representing complex concepts and properties in a concise, unambiguous, and accurate way. For example, the physicist Albert Einstein's formula = is the quantitative representation in mathematical notation of mass–energy equivalence. [1]