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Kidney stone disease, also known as renal calculus disease, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material (renal calculus) develops in the urinary tract. [2] Renal calculi typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. [ 2 ]
Treatment, depending on cause, may require prompt drainage of the bladder via catheterization, medical instrumentation, surgery (e.g., endoscopy, lithotripsy), hormonal therapy, or a combination of these modalities.
They can have any of several compositions, including mixed. Principal compositions include oxalate and urate. Calculi in the prostate are called prostatic calculi. Calculi of the gallbladder and bile ducts are called gallstones and are primarily developed from bile salts and cholesterol derivatives. Calculi in the nasal passages are rare.
Kidney failure is defined by functional impairment of the kidney, whereas the kidneys are functioning at 15% or less than normal capability. [1] It is divided into acute kidney failure (cases that develop rapidly) and chronic kidney failure (those that are long term). [4]
Hyperoxaluria is an excessive urinary excretion of oxalate. Individuals with hyperoxaluria often have calcium oxalate kidney stones. It is sometimes called Bird's disease, after Golding Bird, who first described the condition.
Idiopathic hypercalcinuria (IH) is a condition including an excessive urinary calcium level with a normal blood calcium level resulting from no underlying cause. [1] IH has become the most common cause of hypercalciuria and is the most serious metabolic risk factor for developing nephrolithiasis. [1]
Where available, a noncontrast helical CT scan with 5 millimeter sections is the diagnostic modality of choice in the radiographic evaluation of suspected nephrolithiasis. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] All stones are detectable on CT scans except very rare stones composed of certain drug residues in the urine. [ 19 ]
Nephrocalcinosis is connected with conditions that cause hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphatemia, and the increased excretion of calcium, phosphate, and/or oxalate in the urine. A high urine pH can lead to nephrocalcinosis but only if it is accompanied by hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia , since having a normal urinary citrate usually inhibits the ...