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Some cataracts, like incipient cataracts, affect vision to a small degree and do not always warrant surgery. However, continuous monitoring of any progression is necessary to assess the possibility of further treatment. When a cataract is deemed likely to progress, treatment is then recommended. [3]
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a group of genetic diseases seen in certain breeds of dogs and, more rarely, cats. Similar to retinitis pigmentosa in humans, [1] it is characterized by the bilateral degeneration of the retina, causing progressive vision loss culminating in blindness.
These symptoms may develop over a few months preceding the onset of SARDS. [4] Clinical signs and disease progression vary markedly among individual animals, depending on the number and type of hormones that are increased, the degree of hormone elevation, and the age of the dog. [5]
Dogs do not consistently age seven times as quickly as humans. Aging in dogs varies widely depending on the breed; certain breeds, such as giant dog breeds and English bulldogs, have much shorter lifespans than average. [39] Most dogs reach adolescence by one year old; smaller and medium-sized breeds begin to age more slowly in adulthood. [40]
Irvine–Gass Syndrome often resolves without treatment. As a first-line treatment, corticosteroids and topical NSAIDs are frequently used, either alone or in combination. Intravitreal administration of corticosteroids and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents may be considered if this approach proves to be ineffective.
The causes of macular edema are numerous and different causes may be inter-related. It is commonly associated with diabetes.Chronic or uncontrolled diabetes type 2 can affect peripheral blood vessels including those of the retina which may leak fluid, blood and occasionally fats into the retina causing it to swell.
In veterinary practice, nuclear sclerosis is a consistent finding in dogs greater than six years old. [4] Nuclear sclerosis appears as a bilateral bluish-grey haziness at the nucleus, or center of the lens, caused by an increase in the refractive index of that part of the lens due to its increased density.
The condition is not congenital and develops over the course of a few months as the lacrimal glands fail to produce tears. Other conditions involved in the progression already stated include the appearance of Bitot's spots, which are clumps of keratin debris that build up inside the conjunctiva and night blindness, which precedes corneal ulceration and total blindness.
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