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Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a buffer solution (pH ~ 7.4) commonly used in biological research. It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate , sodium chloride and, in some formulations, potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate .
Buffer capacity rises to a local maximum at pH = pK a. The height of this peak depends on the value of pK a. Buffer capacity is negligible when the concentration [HA] of buffering agent is very small and increases with increasing concentration of the buffering agent. [3] Some authors show only this region in graphs of buffer capacity. [2]
These buffers include the bicarbonate buffer system, the phosphate buffer system, and the protein buffer system. [7] Respiratory component: The second line of defense is rapid consisting of the control the carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3) concentration in the ECF by changing the rate and depth of breathing by hyperventilation or hypoventilation.
The bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), bicarbonate ion (HCO − 3 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in order to maintain pH in the blood and duodenum , among other tissues, to support proper metabolic function. [ 1 ]
The oceans buffer system is known as the carbonate buffer system. [12] The carbonate buffer system is a series of reactions that uses carbonate as a buffer to convert into bicarbonate. [12] The carbonate buffer reaction helps maintain a constant H+ concentration in the ocean because it consumes hydrogen ions, [13] and thereby maintains a ...
In the case of a phosphate buffer, substantial quantities of weak acid and conjugate weak base (H 2 PO 4 – and HPO 4 2–) can accept or donate protons accordingly in order to conserve intracellular pH: [13] [14] OH – + H 2 PO 4 – ⇌ H 2 O + HPO 4 2– H + + HPO 4 2– ⇌ H 2 PO 4 –
Hence, the pK of each buffer will dictate the ratio of the concentrations of its base and weak acid forms at the given pH, in accordance with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Any condition that changes the balance of one of the buffer systems, also changes the balance of all the others because the buffer systems actually buffer one another ...
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid, a.k.a. phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4. The phosphate or orthophosphate ion [PO 4] 3− is derived from phosphoric acid by the removal of three protons H +.