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The term sister group is used in phylogenetic analysis, however, only groups identified in the analysis are labeled as "sister groups".. An example is birds, whose commonly cited living sister group is the crocodiles, but that is true only when discussing extant organisms; [3] [4] when other, extinct groups are considered, the relationship between birds and crocodiles appears distant.
For example, often shorter, thicker, bones belong to the largest and heaviest ungulates like the rhinoceros. [7] The ulnae and fibulae are reduced in horses. A common feature that clearly distinguishes this group from other mammals is the articulation between the astragalus, the scaphoid and the cuboid, which greatly restricts the mobility of ...
A name had to be found for a clade of various early-diversing Permian and Triassic reptiles no longer included in the anapsids. Olsen's term "parareptiles" was chosen to refer to this clade, although its instability within their analysis meant that Gauthier et al. (1988) were not confident enough to erect Parareptilia as a formal taxon.
A recent analysis published in 2016 by Anthony Fiorillo and Ron Tykoski indicates that Alamosaurus was a sister taxon to Lognkosauria and therefore to species such as Futalognkosaurus and Mendozasaurus, laying outside Saltasauridae (possibly being descended from close relations to the Saltasauridae), based on synapomorphies of cervical ...
In a 2012 molecular study, von Reumont et al. challenge the monophyly of Vericrustacea: they present four versions of Pancrustacea cladogram (figures 1–4), and in all four figures Remipedia is a sister group to Hexapoda, and Branchiopoda is a sister group to (Remipedia + Hexapoda). Thus, their data strongly suggest that Branchiopoda is more ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 14 January 2025. Clade containing most theropod dinosaurs Tetanurans Temporal range: Early Jurassic – Present, 201–0 Ma Pre๊ ๊ O S D C P T J K Pg N Six tetanurans (top left to bottom right): Monolophosaurus in combat with non-tetanuran dinosaur Tuojiangosaurus, Allosaurus, Deinocheirus ...
Thompson et al., 2011 confirmed its separation and recovered it as sister taxon to Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus. [9] A cladistic analysis conducted by Arbour and Currie , 2015 recovered Dyoplosaurus as sister taxon to a clade containing Ankylosaurus , Euoplocephalus , Anodontosaurus and Scolosaurus , while an analysis conducted by Arbour and ...
The name plesion has a long history in biological systematics, and plesion group has acquired several meanings over the years. One use is as "nearby group" (plesion means close to in Greek ), i.e. sister group to a given taxon , whether that group is a crown group or not. [ 22 ]