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It also assesses people's perceived equality between nature and themselves. An example of an item is "I recognize and appreciate the intelligence of other living organisms." These items are rated on a Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) where higher scores demonstrate a higher connection to nature.
The nature–culture divide is the notion of a dichotomy between humans and the environment. [1] It is a theoretical foundation of contemporary anthropology that considers whether nature and culture function separately from one another, or if they are in a continuous biotic relationship with each other.
Human–wildlife conflict has been defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in 2004 as "any interaction between humans and wildlife that results in negative impacts of human social, economic or cultural life, on the conservation of wildlife populations, or on the environment". [6]
The connectedness to nature scale [28] designed by Mayer and Franz is a scale to measure individuals’ sense of connection with nature. The tool has been used primarily by psychologists and has been translated into other languages, including Cantonese [ 29 ] and French [ 30 ] for use in international contexts.
Environmental social science is the broad, transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment. Environmental social scientists work within and between the fields of anthropology, communication studies, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, and sociology; and also in the interdisciplinary fields of environmental studies, human ecology ...
Environmental historians are also interested in "what people think about nature, and how they have expressed those ideas in folk religions, popular culture, literature and art". [13] In 2003, J. R. McNeill defined it as "the history of the mutual relations between humankind and the rest of nature". [8]
The term "Harmony with Nature" refers to a principle of amicable and holistic co-existence between humanity and nature. [1] It is used in several contexts, most prominently in relation to sustainable development [2] and the rights of nature, [3] [4] both aimed at addressing anthropogenic environmental crises.
These connections to nature can still be seen in people today as people gravitate towards, identify with, and desire to connect with nature. [6] These connections are not limited to any one component part of nature, as people show connections to a wide range of natural things including plants, animals, and environmental landscapes. [7]