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Usual follow-up steps include (1) a prenatal ultrasound exam to look for fetal abnormalities and/or (2) measurement of AFP in amniotic fluid obtained via amniocentesis. Maternal serum AFP (MSAFP) varies by orders of magnitude during the course of a normal pregnancy. MSAFP increases rapidly until about 32 weeks gestation, then decreases gradually.
Having multiple gestations, such as twins, increases MSAFP because each fetus secretes its own AFP Incorrect estimation of gestational age is the most common cause of abnormal MSAFP levels An example of an algorithm for indications for further testing depending on the outcome of non-genetic blood tests including the triple test.
A multiple of the median (MoM) is a measure of how far an individual test result deviates from the median.MoM is commonly used to report the results of medical screening tests, particularly where the results of the individual tests are highly variable.
Spina bifida can usually be detected during the second trimester of pregnancy by fetal ultrasound. [59] Increased levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) should be followed up by two tests – an ultrasound of the fetal spine and amniocentesis of the mother's amniotic fluid (to test for alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase).
An ultrasound is performed before the procedure to view the position of the fetus and may be used during the procedure to help guide the needle. The mother’s blood is drawn for comparison against fetal blood, and intravenous access is established in the mother in order to supply medications as needed.
174 11576 Ensembl ENSG00000081051 ENSMUSG00000054932 UniProt P02771 P02772 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001134 NM_001354717 NM_007423 RefSeq (protein) NP_001125 NP_001341646 NP_031449 Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 73.43 – 73.46 Mb Chr 5: 90.64 – 90.66 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein ; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha ...
MSAFP/quad. screen (four simultaneous blood tests) (maternal serum AFP, inhibin A, estriol, and βHCG) – elevations, low numbers or odd patterns correlate with neural tube defect risk and increased risks of trisomy 18 or trisomy 21 [17] Ultrasound either abdominal or transvaginal to assess cervix, placenta, fluid and baby [18]
This is due to increased safety, increased sensitivity and decreased false positive rate of ultrasound as compared to MSAFP. [47] Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFAFP) and amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase (AFAChE) tests are also used to confirming if ultrasound screening indicates a positive risk. [48]