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They can have excitation and emission wavelengths far enough apart to achieve conversion between red and green light. A new class of fluorescent protein was evolved from a cyanobacterial ( Trichodesmium erythraeum ) phycobiliprotein , α- allophycocyanin , and named small ultra red fluorescent protein ( smURFP ) in 2016.
It is a synthetic fusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP), calmodulin (CaM), and M13, a peptide sequence from myosin light-chain kinase. [2] When bound to Ca 2+, GCaMP fluoresces green with a peak excitation wavelength of 480 nm and a peak emission wavelength of 510 nm. [3]
The difference in the excitation and emission wavelengths is called the Stokes shift, and the time that an excited electron takes to emit the photon is called a lifetime. The quantum yield is an indicator of the efficiency of the dye (it is the ratio of emitted photons per absorbed photon), and the extinction coefficient is the amount of light ...
An emission map is measured by recording the emission spectra resulting from a range of excitation wavelengths and combining them all together. This is a three dimensional surface data set: emission intensity as a function of excitation and emission wavelengths, and is typically depicted as a contour map.
Its excitation peak is 513 nm and its emission peak is 527 nm. [2] Like the parent GFP, YFP is a useful tool in cell and molecular biology because the excitation and emission peaks of YFP are distinguishable from GFP which allows for the study of multiple processes/proteins within the same experiment.
Wavelengths of maximum absorption (≈ excitation) and emission (for example, Absorption/Emission = 485 nm/517 nm) are the typical terms used to refer to a given fluorophore, but the whole spectrum may be important to consider. The excitation wavelength spectrum may be a very narrow or broader band, or it may be all beyond a cutoff level.
Excitation source: a device that produces either a broad-wavelength source like UV light, or a narrow wavelength source like a laser. Light display optics: the mechanism of which light illuminates the sample. This is typically done through direct illumination of the sample. Light assortment optics: the collection method of the light itself.
GFP catalyzes the oxidation and only requires molecular oxygen. GFP has been modified by changing the wavelength of light absorbed to include other colors of fluorescence. YFP or yellow fluorescent protein, BFP or blue fluorescent protein, and CFP or cyan fluorescent protein are examples of GFP variants. These variants are produced by the ...