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The Modern French word bourgeois (/ ˈ b ʊər ʒ w ɑː / ⓘ BOORZH-wah or / b ʊər ˈ ʒ w ɑː / ⓘ boorzh-WAH, French: ⓘ) derived from the Old French borgeis or borjois ('town dweller'), which derived from bourg ('market town'), from the Old Frankish burg ('town'); in other European languages, the etymologic derivations include the Middle English burgeis, the Middle Dutch burgher, the ...
Épater la bourgeoisie or épater le (or les) bourgeois is a French phrase that became a rallying cry for the French Decadent poets of the late 19th century including Charles Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud. [1] It means "to shock or scandalise the (respectable) middle classes." [2]
In regular times, the petite bourgeoisie seek to identify themselves with the haute bourgeoisie, whose bourgeois morality, conduct and lifestyle they aspire and strive to imitate. [1] The term, which goes as far back as the Revolutionary period in France, if not earlier, is politico-economic and addresses historical materialism.
Bohemianism has been approved of by some bourgeois writers such as Honoré de Balzac, [citation needed] but most conservative cultural critics do not condone bohemian lifestyles. [citation needed] In Bohemian Manifesto: a Field Guide to Living on the Edge, author Laren Stover breaks down the bohemian into five distinct mind-sets or styles, as ...
Bourgeois revolution is a term used in Marxist theory to refer to a social revolution that aims to destroy a feudal system or its vestiges, establish the rule of the bourgeoisie, and create a capitalist state. [1] [2] In colonised or subjugated countries, bourgeois revolutions often take the form of a war of national independence.
The bourgeoisie, or bourgeois commune (i.e. municipality), is a local "community" that still exists in certain cantons, in which inhabitants originating from that specific commune, called "old bourgeois", as opposed to the new inhabitants, participate. This current bourgeoisie system, which can be traced back to the law on the communes of 1866 ...
The bourgeois, who enjoyed a privileged status, and their descendants, the citizens, held the upper hand: had all the political rights and many economic privileges. In front of them, the inhabitants and their descendants, the natives, form a population without political rights and hampered in its economic activities. [ 2 ]
Portrait of a Burgher (c. 1660) by Lucas Franchoys the Younger. Burgher was a rank or title of a privileged citizen of a medieval to early modern European town. Burghers formed the pool from which city officials could be drawn, [citation needed] and their immediate families that formed the social class of the medieval bourgeoisie.