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The waveform of 230 V and 50 Hz compared with 120 V and 60 Hz. The utility frequency, (power) line frequency (American English) or mains frequency (British English) is the nominal frequency of the oscillations of alternating current (AC) in a wide area synchronous grid transmitted from a power station to the end-user.
At 60 Hz in copper, skin depth is about 8.5 mm. At high frequencies, skin depth becomes much smaller. Increased AC resistance caused by skin effect can be mitigated by using a specialized multistrand wire called litz wire. Because the interior of a large conductor carries little of the current, tubular conductors can be used to save weight and ...
At low frequencies (such as the line frequency of 50 or 60 Hz), designers can usually ignore the skin effect. For these frequencies, the skin effect is only significant when the conductors are large, more than 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) in diameter. Switching power supplies must pay more attention to the skin effect because it is a source of power loss.
Other three-phase voltages, up to 830 volts, are occasionally used for special-purpose systems such as oil well pumps. Large industrial motors (say, more than 250 hp or 150 kW) may operate on medium voltage. On 60 Hz systems a standard for medium voltage equipment is 2,400/4,160 V whereas 3,300 V is the common standard for 50 Hz systems.
50 Hz Guam: A, B 110 V 190 V 60 Hz Guatemala: A, B 120 V 208 V 60 Hz Guernsey: G 230 V 400 V 50 Hz Guinea: C, F, K 220 V 380 V 50 Hz Guinea-Bissau: C, E, F 220 V 380 V 50 Hz Guyana: A, B, D, G 110 V 220 V [33] 190 V 60 Hz 50 Hz [33] Conversion of 50 Hz distribution to 60 Hz is ongoing. [34] Haiti: A, B 110 V 220/380 V 110/220 V
The WHO also stated that at frequencies between 0 and 300 Hz, "the wavelengths in air are very long (6,000 km (3,700 mi) at 50 Hz and 5,000 km (3,100 mi) at 60 Hz), and, in practical situations, the electric and magnetic fields act independently of one another and are measured separately".
The induced alternating current flowing through the resistance of the cable ground conductor will cause a small AC voltage drop across the cable ground. This is added to the signal applied to the input of the next stage. In audio equipment, the 50 or 60 Hz interference may be heard as a hum in the speakers. In a video system it may cause ...
Mains hum, electric hum, cycle hum, or power line hum is a sound associated with alternating current which is twice the frequency of the mains electricity.The fundamental frequency of this sound is usually double that of fundamental 50/60 Hz, i.e., 100/120 Hz, depending on the local power-line frequency.
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