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In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks that give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons. The quark model underlies "flavor SU(3)" , or the Eightfold Way , the successful classification scheme organizing the large number of lighter hadrons that ...
The discovery finally convinced the physics community of the quark model's validity. [35] In the following years a number of suggestions appeared for extending the quark model to six quarks. Of these, the 1975 paper by Haim Harari [41] was the first to coin the terms top and bottom for the additional quarks. [42]
According to the quark model, [8] the properties of hadrons are primarily determined by their so-called valence quarks. For example, a proton is composed of two up quarks (each with electric charge + + 2 ⁄ 3, for a total of + 4 ⁄ 3 together) and one down quark (with electric charge − + 1 ⁄ 3). Adding these together yields the proton ...
The strong force is described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a part of the Standard Model of particle physics. Mathematically, QCD is a non-abelian gauge theory based on a local (gauge) symmetry group called SU(3). The force carrier particle of the strong interaction is the gluon, a massless gauge boson.
Other effective theories are heavy quark effective theory (which expands around heavy quark mass near infinity), and soft-collinear effective theory (which expands around large ratios of energy scales). In addition to effective theories, models like the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model and the chiral model are often used when discussing general features.
The use of the above diagram of the virtual particle producing a quark–antiquark pair was featured in the television sit-com The Big Bang Theory, in the episode "The Bat Jar Conjecture". PhD Comics of January 11, 2012, shows Feynman diagrams that visualize and describe quantum academic interactions , i.e. the paths followed by Ph.D. students ...
In physics, the eightfold way is an organizational scheme for a class of subatomic particles known as hadrons that led to the development of the quark model. Both the American physicist Murray Gell-Mann and the Israeli physicist Yuval Ne'eman independently and simultaneously proposed the idea in 1961.
The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles.