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The DSM is unclear in whether writing refers only to the motor skills involved in writing, or if it also includes orthographic skills and spelling. [ 4 ] Dysgraphia should be distinguished from agraphia (sometimes called acquired dysgraphia) , which is an acquired loss of the ability to write resulting from brain injury , progressive illness ...
Agraphia is an acquired neurological disorder causing a loss in the ability to communicate through writing, either due to some form of motor dysfunction [1] or an inability to spell. [2] The loss of writing ability may present with other language or neurological disorders; [1] disorders appearing commonly with agraphia are alexia, aphasia ...
Poor writing skills must interfere significantly with academic progress or daily activities that involves written expression [1] (spelling, grammar, handwriting, punctuation, word usage, etc.). [2] This disorder is also generally concurrent with disorders of reading and/or mathematics, as well as disorders related to behavior.
Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the head, pronouncing words when reading aloud and understanding what one reads. [3] [7] Often these difficulties are first noticed at school. [2] The difficulties are involuntary, and people with this disorder have a normal desire to ...
Neologistic paraphasias, a substitution with a non-English or gibberish word, follow pauses indicating word-finding difficulty. [13] They can affect any part of speech, and the previously mentioned pause can be used to indicate the relative severity of the neologism; less severe neologistic paraphasias can be recognized as a distortion of a real word, and more severe ones cannot.
Patients with this deficit mostly do have a stroke to the posterior cerebral artery. But they may be susceptible to pure alexia as a consequence of other traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) as well. Anything that stops proper blood flow to the area necessary for normal reading abilities will cause a form of alexia. [9]
These problems may be receptive (involving impaired language comprehension), expressive (involving language production), or a combination of both. Examples include specific language impairment , better defined as developmental language disorder , or DLD, and aphasia , among others.
Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that primarily affects the skills involved in accurate and fluent word reading and spelling. Characteristic features of dyslexia are difficulties in phonological awareness, verbal memory and verbal processing speed. Dyslexia occurs across the range of intellectual abilities.