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Arrow's theorem is not related to strategic voting, which does not appear in his framework, [3] [1] though the theorem does have important implications for strategic voting (being used as a lemma to prove Gibbard's theorem [15]). The Arrovian framework of social welfare assumes all voter preferences are known and the only issue is in ...
Independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) is an axiom of decision theory which codifies the intuition that a choice between and should not depend on the quality of a third, unrelated outcome . There are several different variations of this axiom, which are generally equivalent under mild conditions.
Goodhart's law is an adage often stated as, "When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure". [1] It is named after British economist Charles Goodhart , who is credited with expressing the core idea of the adage in a 1975 article on monetary policy in the United Kingdom: [ 2 ]
A common argument against noise pollution laws involves a false choice. It might be argued that in New York City noise should not be regulated, because if it were, a number of businesses would be required to close. This argument assumes that, for example, a bar must be shut down to prevent disturbing levels of noise emanating from it after ...
Niven's Laws is also the title of a 1984 collection of Niven's short stories. Included in the 1989 collection N-Space are six laws titled Niven's Laws for Writers. They are: Writers who write for other writers should write letters. Never be embarrassed or ashamed about anything you choose to write. (Think of this before you send it to a market.)
The choice of the "shortest tree" relative to a not-so-short tree under any optimality criterion (smallest distance, fewest steps, or maximum likelihood) is always based on parsimony. [61] Francis Crick has commented on potential limitations of Occam's razor in biology. He advances the argument that because biological systems are the products ...
Murphy's law [a] is an adage or epigram that is typically stated as: "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong.".. Though similar statements and concepts have been made over the course of history, the law itself was coined by, and named after, American aerospace engineer Edward A. Murphy Jr.; its exact origins are debated, but it is generally agreed it originated from Murphy and his team ...
By creating a false dichotomy that presents one option which is obviously advantageous—while at the same time being completely unrealistic—a person using the nirvana fallacy can attack any opposing idea because it is imperfect. Under this fallacy, the choice is not between real world solutions; it is, rather, a choice between one realistic ...