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GFP-F maps each client frame into a single GFP frame. GFP-F is used where the client signal is framed or packetized by the client protocol. GFP-T, on the other hand, allows the mapping of multiple 8B/10B block-coded client data streams into an efficient 64B/65B block code for transport within a GFP frame.
The Synchronous Transport Module, level 1 (STM-1) frame is the basic transmission format for SDH—the first level of the synchronous digital hierarchy. The STM-1 frame is transmitted in exactly 125 μs , therefore, there are 8,000 frames per second on a 155.52 Mbit/s OC-3 fiber-optic circuit.
After traversing SDH paths, the traffic is processed in the reverse fashion: virtual concatenation path processing to recreate the original synchronous byte stream, followed by decapsulation to converting the synchronous data stream to an asynchronous stream of Ethernet frames. The SDH paths may be VC-4, VC-3, VC-12 or VC-11 paths.
EoPoS is a standardized method for transporting native Ethernet frames over a SONET/SDH network, by first mapping into one or more PDH tributaries such as T1, E1, or DS3. The tributaries can then be dropped from a legacy ADM , delivered to the customer premises, and the PDH links resolved back to an Ethernet connection by a piece of equipment ...
EoPDH is a standardized methodology for transporting native Ethernet frames over PDH links such as T1, E1, or DS3.The technologies used in EoPDH include GFP frame encapsulation, Ethernet Mapping, Virtual Concatenation, Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme, and Management Messaging (OAM Archived 2006-08-23 at the Wayback Machine).
The Virtual Concatenation is specified in ITU-T Recommendations G.707 (2007) [1] and G.783 (2006). [2] Virtual Concatenation is used to split Sonet/SDH bandwidth up into right-sized groups. These virtually concatenated groups can be used to support different customers and services and bill accordingly.
Router with two dozen 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports and three types of physical-layer module. 10 Gigabit Ethernet (abbreviated 10GE, 10GbE, or 10 GigE) is a group of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of 10 gigabits per second.
If it does not contain data, i.e. it is a gap, it is "stuffed". The data from the 4 data streams is now contained in 4 data streams of 2.112 Mbit/s which are synchronous and can easily be multiplexed to give a single stream of 8.448 Mbit/s by taking 1 bit from stream #1, followed by 1 bit from stream #2, then #3, then #4, etc.