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HAS1 is a member of the newly identified vertebrate gene family encoding putative hyaluronan synthases, and its amino acid sequence shows significant homology to the hasA gene product of Streptococcus pyogenes, a glycosaminoglycan synthetase (DG42) from Xenopus laevis, and a recently described murine hyaluronan synthase.
There are three mammalian hyaluronan synthases described to date - HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3. Each of these isoforms resides at a different chromosome location [ 2 ] and has been cloned . [ 3 ] Two of the main differences between the isoforms are the chain length of the hyaluronan molecules that they produce and the ease with which they can be ...
Hyaluronic acid is synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called hyaluronan synthases, of which vertebrates have three types: HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3. These enzymes lengthen hyaluronan by repeatedly adding D -glucuronic acid and N -acetyl- D -glucosamine to the nascent polysaccharide as it is extruded via ABC-transporter through the ...
On the other hand, some enzymes induce HA production like sucrose-6-phosphatate hydrolase, [27] and hyaluronan synthase. [28] Using combined approaches with these two type enzymes is a good strategy for high yield HA production. [21]
Hyaluronan synthase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HAS2 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Hyaluronan or hyaluronic acid is a high molecular weight unbranched polysaccharide synthesized by a wide variety of organisms from bacteria to mammals, and is a constituent of the extracellular matrix .
Hyaladherins, also known as hyaluronan-binding proteins, are proteins capable of binding to hyaluronic acid. Most hyaladherins belong to the Link module superfamily, including its main receptor CD44 , hyalectans and TSG-6 . [ 1 ]
Here they form large complexes, both to other proteoglycans, to hyaluronan, and to fibrous matrix proteins, such as collagen. The combination of proteoglycans and collagen form cartilage , a sturdy tissue that is usually heavily hydrated (mostly due to the negatively charged sulfates in the glycosaminoglycan chains of the proteoglycans). [ 5 ]
Hyaluronan synthase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HAS3 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the synthesis of the unbranched glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, or hyaluronic acid , which is a major constituent of the extracellular matrix.
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